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 Table of Contents  
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Year : 2016  |  Volume : 3  |  Issue : 2  |  Page : 71-78

Normative ultrasonographic values for testicular volumes in Nigerian boys aged 0-15 years


1 Department of Radiology, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria
2 Department of Paediatrics, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria
3 Department of Radiology, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria
4 Department of Urology, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria

Date of Submission06-Mar-2015
Date of Acceptance30-May-2016
Date of Web Publication21-Jun-2016

Correspondence Address:
Dr. Suleiman Lawal
Department of Radiology, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria
Nigeria
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Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None


DOI: 10.4103/2384-5147.184353

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  Abstract 

Background: Pediatric testicular volume is an important index in determining the start of puberty, its progress, and/or any subsequent disorder of puberty. It is also important in detecting and monitoring local testicular pathologies. This study is aimed at obtaining reference values for testicular volume measured by ultrasound in normal pediatric age group 0-15 years. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Radiology Department of Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria. Boys numbering 450 without any evidence of testicular pathology were recruited for this study. The testicular volume was measured by ultrasound (Aloka SSD 3500) utilizing the testicular length, width, and thickness of the ultrasound images. All measurements were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS 17). A P ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The testicular volume shows no significant increase before the age of 9 years with an average volume of 0.74 ml and then increased to 1.1 ml at 9 years. Afterward, it shows marked increase in volume to reach a value of 8.99 ml at 15 years. Strong correlations were established between the right and left testicular parameters, except for the anteroposterior diameter. However, no statistically significant difference was observed between them, except for length (P = 0.000). Conclusion: The study provides contemporary reference values for testicular volume of the pediatric age group.

Keywords: Nigerian, normal, pediatrics, testicular volume, ultrasound


How to cite this article:
Lawal S, Idris HW, Ibinaiye P, Hamidu AU, Tabari MA, Usman B, Lawal AT. Normative ultrasonographic values for testicular volumes in Nigerian boys aged 0-15 years. Sub-Saharan Afr J Med 2016;3:71-8

How to cite this URL:
Lawal S, Idris HW, Ibinaiye P, Hamidu AU, Tabari MA, Usman B, Lawal AT. Normative ultrasonographic values for testicular volumes in Nigerian boys aged 0-15 years. Sub-Saharan Afr J Med [serial online] 2016 [cited 2024 Mar 28];3:71-8. Available from: https://www.ssajm.org/text.asp?2016/3/2/71/184353


  Introduction Top


The testis is the primary male reproductive organ, and it also possesses endocrine functions. It is analogous to the ovaries in the female. They are two in number and are harbored in the scrotum which is a thin pigmented, rugose pouch of skin with a median longitudinal raphe dividing the pouch into two, right and left compartments. This is located in the groin and related to the dorsal surface of the phallus. [1],[2]

For quite, some time now, testicular volume assessment has continued to generate lots of interest. Assessment of testicular volume in boys is of great importance for evaluation of normal pubertal developments. [3],[4],[5],[6] Determination of the onset and progression of sexual maturation are important in pediatrics as this information has immediate clinical application in the interpretation of endocrine and growth status and detection of disorders of puberty. [7],[8] Testicular volume measurement is also valuable in evaluating macroorchidism from such conditions as fragile X syndrome, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) secreting pituitary adenoma, lymphomas, chronic hypothyroidism, and also microorchiditic conditions such as Klinefelter's syndrome, recurrent torsion, and varicocele. [4]

Sexual maturity assessment is meaningful when the age of a child who is entering a stage or who is already in a stage is compared with suitable reference data for sexual maturity stages in normal healthy peers. [3]

The earliest indicator of sexual maturation in boys is testicular enlargement. [9] In the healthy child, testicular size increases about a year before the appearance of pubic hair or any other sign of puberty. In the absence of testicular enlargement, early pubic hair is caused by abnormally high androgen levels. Using ordinary calipers, one can easily monitor pubertal status; however, over the years, testicular volume has been traditionally and easily determined via orchidometers. [7],[8]

The last decade has shown an increasing number of reports about the usefulness and accuracy of scrotal ultrasound in testicular measurement, [5],[6],[7],[8] whereas the orchidometer and calipers often overestimate testicular volume; hence, the latter's objectivity in different hands is questionable. Other radiological methods such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging are more accurate and objective, but for their relative nonavailability, high cost, and the ionizing radiation in CT and make their use in routine testicular assessment more challenging.

Ultrasonographically measured testicular volume is considered standard; studies have shown ultrasonographic volumes to be more accurate than those obtained by nonradiological clinical methods. [4],[7],[8] Ultrasound is especially very sensitive to small volume change when compared to the former (nonradiological methods); it is affordable, readily available, and nonionizing. These features make ultrasound easily the best method for radiological testicular volume assessment.

A number of diseases, both local and systemic, have effects on the testicular sizes. [10] It is therefore of immense value to have a set of normal measurements so as to compare when such patients are examined. Since the testicular size, especially in the adolescent, provides a rough indication of the testicular function, [3],[5] it is imperative to know the range of normal testicular dimensions in any population for the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of testicular diseases. Although measurement of pediatric testicular volume has been carried out in Europe [5],[11],[12] and some parts of Africa, [13] no such study is available in Nigeria. A few studies on testicular pathologies in Nigerian boys [10],[14] are however documented, and most are limited because of the ages and the sample sizes involved. A study carried out by Kiridi et al. [15] recently addressed adult normative values in Nigeria.

This study seeks to provide baseline data for pediatric age group in this environment and will also be helpful in the future in the management of testicular abnormalities. Baseline studies of the normal are an essential prelude to the proper understanding of derangement in the anatomy and physiology of any body part. Testicular volume is related to various reproductive endocrine parameters; therefore, its availability is very informative to the clinician. Ultrasound is a valid method to measure small prepubertal testicles as it is able to detect minor changes in volume in relation to established physiological changes in the 1 st year of life. [4] This is particularly necessary since ultrasound is readily available and affordable to most patients in this center; it is safe as it uses nonionizing radiation. Scans can be video recorded, stored, and reproduced when required.


  Materials and Methods Top


Study Area

This study was carried out in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Northwestern Nigeria. It serves a population of over 15 million from within and outside the host state. [16]

Study Design

The study was a cross-sectional study design involving boys aged 0-15 years. Children were recruited from Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria, representing different socioeconomic settings.

Subject Selection and Sample Size

Children <1 year were recruited from the delivery suites, immunization, and well-baby clinics. Children between 1 and 15 years were recruited from those presenting to the pediatric outpatient department with acute illnesses after excluding chromosomal and hormonal disorders, chronic illness, and local testicular disease conditions.

The estimated sample size was calculated using a prevalence rate of 0.5; hence, a minimum sample size of 384 was arrived at, but 450 boys were recruited.

Sampling Technique

Stratified sampling was used to select subjects for each stratum (age group). The number of subjects in each stratum was determined using probability proportionate to the estimated population size.

Inclusion Criteria

Boys aged 0-15 years of age whose parent's consented to the study.

Exclusion Criteria

All boys with the following were excluded from the study:

  • Genital or testicular abnormalities, for example, ambiguous genitalia, hydrocele, cryptorchidism
  • Known history of endocrine and genetic disorders that may affect the testes, for example, Klinefelter's syndrome, sickle cell disease, hypopituitarism, diabetes mellitus (Type 1), etc.
  • Infants born before 37 completed weeks of gestation (preterm babies)
  • Chronic debilitating diseases, for example, protein energy malnutrition, tuberculosis.


Ethical Consideration

Approval of the medical and ethical committee of Ahmadu Bello University, Teaching Hospital, Zaria, was sought before the study. The selected well-baby, postnatal clinics, and delivery suite were contacted and their approvals obtained before the study. Parents' informed consent was also obtained before the inclusion of their children in the study.

All information obtained from the subjects and scan results were treated as private and confidential.

Data Collection

Anthropometry

  • For those children aged 2 years and below, length was measured using infantometer
  • For children above 2 years, height was measured by means of a portable stadiometer
  • Weight was measured using beam balance for those aged 2 years and below while a Health-O-Meter electronic scale was used for those aged 2 years and above
  • All measurements were taken thrice. The average of the two closest measurements in each case was taken as the child's weight and height (length).


Male Genital Examination

Age-appropriate language was used to explain to the children what the examination entails. Each child was examined individually in private, in the presence of a parent/guardian or chaperon.

The testes were then assessed for the presence of any of the exclusion criteria.

Ultrasound Procedure

Consent was sought and procedure explained to the subjects; afterward, they were examined supine on a couch in a warm environment at room temperature, with abdomen exposed up to mid-thigh and legs put together. The scrotum was supported on a warm towel draped beneath it or in a warm gloved hand; older children were asked to hold and pull their phallus slightly toward the abdomen to expose the scrotum with the testicles into profile.

The testes were examined with a portable ALOKA SSD-3500 (Osaka-Japan) using a 7.5 MHz linear transducer after applying adequate coupling gel. The lengths (Ls) were measured from the longitudinal scan, i.e., between the upper and lower pole, this was achieved by manipulating the probe until the mediastinum testis is visualized. The width (W) and anteroposterior thickness (H) were measured from the transverse scan; i.e. the maximum diameters perpendicular to each other at the level of the rete testis [Figure 1]. Measurements were taken using the electronic calipers of the ultrasound machine. Three measurements were taken and the average of the closest two was obtained.
Figure 1: Longitudinal and transverse sonogram of the testicle showing the measurements that were taken: 1 = Length, 2 = Width, 3 = anteroposterior diameter (height)

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Children selected were each given a study number. Baseline characteristics of each subject as well as all measurements were documented separately in a specially designed pro forma for the study.

The transducer gel was wiped off completely from the subject's body to avoid irritation when it dries up. The possibility of transfer of skin infection was minimized by use of antiseptics to wipe the probe between patients.

The testicular volume was calculated using the Lamberts formula, i.e., L × W × H × 0.71, where L = length, W = width, H = height or A-P diameter, and 0.71 = correction factor.

Data Analysis

Data were analyzed using SPSS version 17 statistical software (SPSS inc. Released 2008. SPSS statistics for windows, version 17.0 Chicago). Differences between the testicular variables on either side were tested using Student's t-test while that between age groups were tested using ANOVA, all at P < 0.05.

Data were presented in tables and chart as appropriate with mean and standard deviation.


  Results Top


A total of 450 boys, whose mean age was 53.63 ± 53.06 months, ranging from 0.20 months to 180 months participated in the study. The median age is 34.5 months. About 65% (293) are aged 5 years and below, and only 17% (77) were over 10 years [Table 1]. The mean weight is 15.5 ± 10.33 kg and range 2.7-56 kg. The median and modal weights are 12.70 kg and 15 kg, respectively.
Table 1: The age distribution of height, weight, and corresponding testicular volume


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The mean height is 95.65 ± 31.38 cm, range of 47-166 cm, and median height of 90.8 cm. The mean body mass index (BMI) is 15.45 ± 2.4 kg/m 2 and range of 10.26-30.56 kg/m 2 [Table 1] and [Table 2].
Table 2: The age distribution of height, weight, and corresponding testicular volume in infancy


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The values for volume of both testicles are as follow: mean: 1.28 ± 1.03 ml, median: 0.77 ml, and range: 0.24-6.87 ml. The length for both testicles has a mean value of 1.68 ± 0.67 cm, median of 1.48 cm, and range of 0.40-5.88 cm. The testicular width has mean value of 1.01 ± 0.41 cm, median value of 0.90 cm, and range 0.52 cm to 3.98 cm. The A-P diameter has mean value of 0.80 ± 0.19 cm, median value of 0.76 cm, and range 0.39 cm to 1.81 cm [Table 1] and [Table 2].

The mean right testicular volume is 1.43 ± 1.05 ml and range of 0.24-17.06 ml; the median and mode values were 0.77 ml and 0.76 ml, respectively. The left testicular volume has a mean value of 1.26 ml ± 1.01 and range of 0.26-6.67 ml, with median and mode values of 0.74 ml and 0.70 ml. The mean length, A-P diameter, and width are 1.70 ± 0.68 cm, 0.80 ± 0.19 cm, and 1.01 ± 0.40 cm in the right, and 1.67 ± 0.65 cm, 1.03 ± 0.43 cm, and 1.00 ± 0.44 cm in the left, respectively [Table 3].
Table 3: The age distribution of length, anteroposterior diameter, width, and volume of both testicles


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ANOVA analysis of the mean testicular volume per age group compared with values from three previous similar studies by Osemlak, [17] Goede et al., [18] and Sotos and Tokar [4] with their original values obtained by the ultrasound formula L × W × H × 0.52 converted to the recommended and more accurate Lamberts' formula "L × W × H × 0.71" which was used in this study, multiplying by the factor 1.37 for appropriate comparison were conducted [Table 4].
Table 4: Comparison of testicular volume (ml) obtained in this study with previous reported values


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No significant differences were noted in the testicular volume of the various age groups in the first decade of life with a mean volume of 0.74 ml. Thereafter, a progressive steady and significant growth was observed up to the maximal age of 15 years when the testicular volume approaches 8.99 ml [Figure 2], taking a sigmoid pattern of configuration in the plot of age group versus mean testicular volume.
Figure 2: A line graph of mean testicular volume against age group, depicting an almost uniform in the first decade, with a sharp rise at 11 years and beyond

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  Discussion Top


The measurement of testicular volume is an important component in the assessment of male sexual development, especially when it is utilized in conjunction with penile length and circumference, then compared with age-matched normative values. [3] Testicular volume estimation in several conditions, such as varicocele or undescended testes, could depict impaired testicular growth resulting in an earlier indication for operative correction. [19]

Since the discovery of the clinical application of ultrasound in the 70s, ultrasonography has gained recognition for being an accurate, reproducible, safe, and cheap method for testicular volume evaluation. Although not without pitfalls such as the possibility of compression, intra- and inter-observer variations in measurements are commonly encountered in ultrasonography. [15]

In this study, the mean testicular volume in infancy was 0.77 ml. This value rose from 0.70 ml in the 1 st month to 1.04 ml at 6 months and subsequently drops to 0.67 ml at 12 months. When compared with the study by Kuijper et al., [20] there is a similar trend. Their mean testicular volume increased significantly in the first 5 months, from 0.27 ml to 0.44 ml, after which it decreases to 0.31 cm 3 at 9 months. This observation where testicular volume rises to a peak and falls later in infancy is referred to as minipuberty and occurs as a result of fading away of the inhibitory effect of the placental hormones on the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis of the infant. This is because at this time the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis is already capable of matured function. [11] This phenomenon of minipuberty is also observed in this study although at a later age of 6 months compared to the 5 months of Kuijper et al. [20]

During this period of infancy, the mean testicular volume obtained in this study is higher than that of Kuijper et al. [20] This difference is statistically significant (P = 0.000). A plausible explanation for the higher mean value of testicular volume is probably genetic.

The testicular volume of subjects aged <11 years in this study is higher than those of the corresponding age group in the study by Sotos and Tokar [4] though this is not statistically significant (P = 0.131); however, after the first decade, the difference becomes statistically significantly higher (P = 0.006) in favor of the latter.

Studies by Goede et al. [18] and Osemlak [17] showed a similar interesting trend as no significant statistical differences in mean testicular volume were observed between these studies and the index study, between the ages of 0-11 years (P = 0.162 and 0.111, respectively); from age 12 to 15 years, there was marked significant differences observed between this study mean testicular volume, and those of these two previous studies mentioned earlier (P = 0.010 and 0.005, respectively) in favor of the latter.

The trend above, probably, reveals that the genetically influenced differences in the testicular volume in both Nigerian boys and their Caucasian counterparts are minimal, that is, why no significant difference is noted in the prepubertal period (during the first decade). However, during puberty, due to the favorable environmental conditions (e.g. cooler weather) and better nutritional status, the Caucasian boys tend to have larger testicular volume than the Nigerian boys of same age bracket. Buttressing this point is the findings of the study on pubertal timing in rural and urban Black South African children using tanner staging by Cameron et al., [21] which revealed that urban South African children from higher socioeconomic backgrounds were advanced (i.e., have larger testicular volume) in relation to their rural impoverished peers, and at par with their European counterparts. Main et al.[11] also interpreted the difference that they found between the Finish and Danish testicular volume as possibly environmental instead of genetic predisposition.

In this study, although the mean right testicular volume is larger numerically, no significant statistical difference exists between the mean right testicular volume and the mean left testicular volume. This slight decrease in testicular volume on the left side could be due to the fact that the pampiniform plexus of veins are more prominent on the left owing to the most sluggish drainage of the left testicular vein into the left renal vein. [22] This may lead to increased temperature on the left and hence decreased Sertoli cell proliferation. [15] This study shows that ultrasound is able to detect such a small biologically relevant change in testicular volume, hence indicating its value and accuracy in the measurement of the small prepubertal testes.

Béres et al.[5] in their studies were unable to establish any correlation between testicular volume and age as against the finding in this study. The reason probably for this might not be far from the fact that a lot of adult values were added, i.e., their subjects' ages ranged between 0 and 28 years, and having established that the testicular volume is maximal at 18 years; [5],[15] hence, the testicular volume between 18 and 28 years is uniformly constant.

This study revealed the start of marked increase in testicular volume to be at 11 years (P < 0.001); this is said to mark the onset of puberty. Ghaly et al.[13] in their study involving 1563 Egyptian boys and also that of Tomova et al.[3] involving 6200 Bulgarian boys, using orchidometer (orchidometer has been shown to correlate well with ultrasound), [7],[18] both also reported similar age of onset of marked testicular volume increase of 10.56 and 11 years, respectively.

Béres et al. [5] established that the maximum testicular volume of 22 ml was reached at 18 years from the data they acquired via orchidometer, but this study could not ascertain the age of maximum testicular volume as the testicular volume still appears to be on the rise at the peak study age of 15 years.

Some limitations of this study need to be addressed in subsequent research; candidates with retractile testes were difficult to isolate as the testicular location is variable and might be scrotal at the time of examination. The testicular volume of a retractile testis may be lower; this may have influenced the values of the normal population of boys.

Although clinical history and anthropometric data were taken to rule out growth disorder and subsequently exempt such candidates from the study, no other clinical or laboratory investigations were carried out to know if any of the boys were suffering from any covert condition that could influence the testicular volume.


  Conclusion Top


This study provides normative values for testicular volume measured by ultrasound in boys aged 0-15 years and these values can also be used as reference values in assessing for different testicular abnormalities. Testicular volume shows significant correlation with weight, age, and height; however, only weight, height, and BMI are statistically significant in predicting testicular volume.

Recommendations

  • Multicenter validation of this study is essential for the establishment of standard reference value for this environment
  • Laboratory tests should be carried out to exempt those with subclinical endocrine or metabolic disorders
  • The upper limit for the age should be taken up to 20 years to involve the adolescent and hence, deduce the age at which puberty ends and to have an idea about the adult testicular volume.


Acknowledgment

We are grateful to the study participants for granting us their consents. We also appreciate the management and staff of the Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital for their unparalleled support and cooperation.

Financial Support and Sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of Interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

 
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    Figures

  [Figure 1], [Figure 2]
 
 
    Tables

  [Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4]


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